Absolute Advantage / 절대우위
An absolute advantage exists when a nation or economic region is able to produce a good or service more efficiently (using the same amount of resources) than a second nation or region.
Accelerated Tariff Elimination
An increased rate of reduction of import duties at a faster rate than what was originally planned or decided upon.
Active Income / 적극적소득
In the U.S. tax code, income from an active business as opposed to passive investment income.
Ad Valorem Tariff / 종과관세
A tariff assessed as a percentage of the value of an import.
Adjusted Present Value / 조정현재가치
A valuation method that separately identifies the value of an unlevered project from the value of financing side effects.
Advising Bank / 통지은행
Bank, usually in the country of the seller, whose primary function is to authenticate the letter of credit and advise it to the seller.
African Developmental Bank Group (ABD Group) / 아프리카개발은행 그룹
The ABD Group is 1 of 4 major regional developmental banks currently operating in the global economy; it is headquartered in Abidjan, Cote d'Ivoire.
African Union (AU) / 아프리카 연합
The African Union is an organization for regional, social and economic cooperation. It consists of 53 member nations in Africa and was derived from the OAU (Organisation of African Unity). Its goal is to unify Africa and promote peace, security, and stability on the continent through social and economic cooperation.
African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) / 아프리카카리브태평양제국연합 (ACP)
The African, Caribbean and Pacific Group of States (ACP) is an organization created by the Georgetown Agreement in 1975. It is composed of African, Caribbean and Pacific States signatories to the Georgetown Agreement or the Partnership Agreement between the ACP and the European Union, officially called the Cotonou Agreement.
Agency Costs / 대리인비용
The costs incurred to ensure that agents and managers act in the best interest of the principal. For example, reward to managers as a percentage of profit.
Agent / 대리인
Someone who represents another. In corporate governance terminology, management is the agent of the principal stakeholders in a principal-agent relationship.
Aggregate Demand / 총수요
The total demand of all potential buyers of a commodity or service. Includes all individuals and organizations that have the ability, willingness, and authority to purchase such products.
Air Waybill / 항공화물운송장
A nonnegotiable instrument of domestic and international air transport that functions as a bill of lading.
Allocation-of-Income Rules
In the U.S. tax code, these rules define how income and deductions are to be allocated between domestic-source and foreign-source income.
Alternative Tariff / 선택관세
A tariff that has two or more rates for the same product, trading to and from the same points, with the authority to use one that produces the lowest charge.
American Shares
Shares of a foreign corporation issued directly to U.S. investors through a transfer agent in accordance with SEC regulations.
American Terms
A foreign exchange quotation that states the U.S. dollar price per foreign currency unit (contrast with European terms).
Andean Community (CAN) / 안데스 공동체
The Andean Community or Comunidad Andina de Naciones in Spanish (CAN) is made up of Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela. It is a series of bodies and institutions that work to bring Andean subregional integration, promote external projection, and reinforce the actions connected with the process.
볼리비아, 콜럼비아, 에콰도르, 페루, 베네수엘라 등의 5개국 지역 경제통합.
Andean Pact / 안데스 협정 (안데안 협정)
A regional trade pact that includes Venezuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, and Bolivia.
볼리비아, 콜럼비아, 에콰도르, 페루, 베네수엘라 등의 5개국 지역 무역 협정. 안데스 공동체(CAN)의 전신이다.
Anstalt
An Anstalt is a Liechtenstein limited company which is often used when the capital structure is complex and the business purpose is international trade.
Anti-dumping Laws / 반덤핑 법
Laws that are enacted to prevent dumping - offering prices in the overseas market that is lower than that at which a product is sold in its home domestic market.
Appellate Body (AB) / WTO 항소기구
The Appellate Body is a World Trade Organization (WTO) entity, which was established in 1995 under Article 7 of the Understanding on Rules and Procedures Governing the Settlement of Disputes (DSU). Its purpose is to hear appeals and reports issued by panels in disputes between WTO members. It is composed of a standing body of 7 people and has the power to uphold, modify, or reverse the legal findings and conclusions of a panel. These rulings must be accepted by the parties of the dispute. The Appellate Body has its seat in Geneva, Switzerland.
Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) / 아랍 마그레브 연합
A regional alliance seeking economic and political unity in Northern Africa. Members are Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, and Tunisia.
Arbitrage / 재정거래裁定去來
The process of purchasing and selling the identical products, such as foreign exchange, stocks, bonds and other commodities, in several markets intending to make profit from the difference in price. Arbitrage is generally seen as a "risk-less" transaction.
Articles of Association / (회사) 정관定款
Are the regulations for governing the rights and duties of the members of the company among themselves. Articles deal with internal matters such as general meetings, appointment of directors, issue and transfer of shares, dividends, accounts and audits.
ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) / 아세안자유무역협정
A multilateral agreement on trade, including agricultural trade, between Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) member countries, phasing out tariffs and revising other trade rules over the 15-year period of implementation of the Common Effective Preferential Tariff (CEPT) Scheme. The agreement was signed in January 1992.
Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) / 아시아태평양경제협력체
A forum designed to promote economic growth, cooperation, and integration among member nations. APEC has also worked to reduce tariffs and other trade barriers across the Asia-Pacific region. Its vision is based on the "Bogor Goals" adopted in the 1994 meeting in Bogor, Indonesia. There are 21 member economies including: Australia; Brunei Darussalam; Canada; Chile; People's Republic of China; Hong Kong, China; Indonesia; Japan; Republic of Korea; Malaysia; Mexico; New Zealand; Papua New Guinea; Peru; The Republic of the Philippines; The Russian Federation; Singapore; Chinese Taipei; Thailand; United States of America; Viet Nam.
Asian Development Bank (ADB) / 아시아개발은행
The Asian Development Bank (ADB) is a multilateral development financial institution owned by 67 members (48 from the region and 19 from other parts of the globe). Its goal is to improve the welfare of the people in Asia and the Pacific. ADB is headquartered in Manila, Philippines. It is one of four major development banks around the world.
Asset Protection Trust / 자산보호신탁
A trust established offshore to protect settlors' assets against those who may attempt to make claims against them - creditors, former spouses and dependants on death.
Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) / 동남아시아 국가연합
An organization founded in 1967 for the purpose of promoting regional stability, economic development, and cultural exchange in southeastern Asia. Membership includes Brunei, Darussalam, Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, and Vietnam.
Autarky / 경제적 자급자족
In models of international trade, a situation in which there is no cross-border trade.
국제무역의 영역에서 국경을 넘는 거래가 없는 상황
Authorised Agent
A bank or trust company authorised by regulatory authorities to deal in foreign currency securities.
Back to back loan / 백투백론 (상호직접융자?)
A loan structure when 'A' deposits a sum of money with a bank in country 'X' on condition that a related branch, agency or bank located in country 'Y' will lend an equivalent sum to 'A' or a designee in country 'Y'.
Balance of Payments / 국제수지
The International Monetary Fund’s accounting system that tracks the flow of goods, services, and capital in and out of each country.
일정기간 일국이 다른 국가와 행한 모든 상품, 서비스, 자본 등의 모든 경제적 거래에 따른 수입과 지급의 차이를 추적하는 국제통화기금(IMF)의 회계 시스템.
Balance of Trade / 무역수지
The difference between a country’s total imports and exports over a set period.
일정기간동안 발생한 일국의 수입, 수출 간 차이.
Balanced Economy / 균형경제(?)
In national finances, it is when exports are equal to imports.
국가 재정에서 수출과 수입이 동일한 때.
Bangkok Agreement (BANGKOK) / 방콕 협정
A preferential trade agreement among developing countries of Asia and the Pacific. Members include Bangladesh, China, India, Korea, Laos, and Sri Lanka.
아시아-태평양 지역의 개발도상국 간에 채결된 특혜무역협정. 방글라데시, 중국, 인디아, 한국, 라오스, 스리랑카 등의 회원국이 있다.
Bank for International Settlements (BIS) / 국제결제은행(國際決濟銀行)
An international organization, which promotes international monetary and financial cooperation among nations by fostering the cooperation of world central banks.
Bank-based Corporate Governance System
A system of corporate governance in which the supervisory board is dominated by bankers and other corporate insiders.
Banker's Acceptance
A time draft drawn on and accepted by a commercial bank.
Banker's Draft
A payment instrument used to make international payments.
Bare Trusts
Also known as dry, formal, naked, passive or simple trusts. These are trusts where the trustees have no duties to perform other than to convey the trust property to the beneficiary(s) when called upon to do so.
Barter / 바터 (물물교환)
Trade in which merchandise is exchanged directly for others without use of money or the involvement of a 3rd party.
금전 지불이나 제 3자의 개입이 없이 이루어지는 물물교환.
Basel Convention
An international treaty concerned with restricting the movement of hazardous wastes between countries, especially from developed to underdeveloped countries.
Bearer Share Certificate
A negotiable share certificated filled out in the name of the 'bearer' and not to a particular person or organisation.
Bearer Stocks/Shares
Securities for which no register of ownership is kept by the company. A bearer certificate has an intrinsic value. Dividends are not received automatically from the company but must be claimed by removing and returning 'coupons' attached to the certificate.
Beneficial Owner / 수익적 소유자
The actual or economic owner of an offshore company as distinct to the registered or nominal owner.
Beneficiary / 수익자
A beneficiary is a person for whose benefit the Trust is created. They may be named and identified in the Trust Instrument or described by reference to a class of beneficiaries, or in the case of discretionary trusts left to the Trustee's discretion.
Bilateral Investment Treaty (BIT) / 양자간 투자협정
A treaty between two countries to ensure that investments between the two countries receive the same treatment as domestic or other international investments.
두 국가간에 맺는 협정으로, 양국간의 투자가 국내 투자나 다른 국제 투자와 같은 대우를 받도록 보장한다.
Bilateral Trade Agreement / 양자간 무역협정
A commercial agreement between two countries, often detailing what specific quantities of what specific goods can be exchanged.
Bill of Lading (BOL) / 선하증권
A document that establishes the terms and conditions of a contract between a shipper and a shipping company under which freight is to be moved between specified points for a specified charge.
Blanket Rate
A rate that is applied broadly over different articles or entities.
Blockade / 봉쇄
The act of seizing commercial exchange with a particular country. Such act is common during wartime. 특정 국가와의 상업적 거래를 막는 행위. 전시(戰時)에 일반적으로 행해진다.
Blocked Funds
Cash flows generated by a foreign project that cannot be immediately repatriated to the parent firm because of capital flow restrictions imposed by the host government.
Blue Chip / 블루칩, 우량주
The most prestigious industrial shares. An American term derived from the colour of the highest value poker chip.
Bogor Goals / 보고르 목표
The Bogor Goals were created by the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) in Bogor, Indonesia in 1994, with the intention of increasing economic unity among Asian Pacific nations by increasing trade. The goals are to have free trade and investment in developed nations by 2010 and in developing nations by 2020.
Bonded Exchange
Foreign exchange that cannot be freely converted into other currencies.
Bonus Issue / 무상 신주(新株)
See Capitalisation Issue
Bretton Woods Agreement / 브레튼 우즈 체제
An agreement made near the end of World War II to promote exchange rate stability and facilitate the international flow of currencies.
환율 안정과 국제적인 통화의 흐름을 촉진시키기 위해 제2차세계대전 말 즈음 합의된 협정.
Bretton Woods Conference / 브레튼 우즈 회의
An international conference held in 1944 at Bretton Woods, New Hampshire. The conference established the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank.
1944년에 뉴헴프셔에서 열린 국제 회의. 이 회의에서 IMF-국제통화기금-와 세계은행이 설립되었다.
Broker/Dealer / 브로커, 중개인
A London Stock Exchange member firm which provides advice and dealing services to the public and which can deal on its own account.
Call / 콜
The amount due to be paid to a company by the purchase of new or partly paid shares.
Call Account
A deposit account with a financial institution without a fixed maturity date. The deposit can be 'called' (withdrawn) at any time. Call account deposits are usually one to seven day placements, however, two parties can agree on different maturities.
Call Option / 콜옵션
The right to buy stock or shares at an agreed price at a future date.
Calvo Doctrine
A foreign policy doctrine that states that the country in which an investment is located has jurisdiction over that investment.
Capital Account
A measure of change in cross-border ownership of long-term financial assets, including financial securities and real estate.
Capital Controls
Government restrictions on the acquisition of foreign assets or foreign liabilities by domestic citizens, or the acquisition of domestic assets or domestic liabilities by foreigners.
Capital Formation
The process of increasing the amount of capital goods - also called capital stock - in a country.
Capital Markets
Markets for financial assets and liabilities with maturity greater than one year, i.e. long-term loanable funds, including long-term government and corporate bonds, preferred stock, and common stock.
Capitalisation Issue
The process whereby money from a company's reserves is converted into issued capital and then distributed to shareholders as new shares, in proportion to their original holdings, also known as bonus or scrip issue.
Capitalism
An economic system that is based on private ownership; economic development is proportionate to and dependent upon the accumulation and reinvestment of profits.
Captive Insurance Company
A wholly owned or controlled subsidiary company established by a non-insurance parent for participation in the insurance risks of the parent and its other affiliates or associates.
Caribbean Community and Common Market (CARICOM)
CARICOM consists of Antigua & Barbuda, Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, St. Kitts & Nevis, St. Lucia, St. Vincent & The Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad & Tobago. Its purpose is to provide a continued economic linkage after the dissolution of the West Indies Federation for English-speaking countries in the Caribbean.
Carrier
An individual or entity that transports persons or goods for compensation under the contract of carriage.
Cartage
The delivery of goods with short distance.
Cartel
An agreement among, or an organization of, suppliers of a product to limit production in order to minimize competition and maximize market power.
Cash Against Documents (CAD)
Payment for goods where a commission house or other intermediary transfers title documents to the buyer upon payment in cash.
Cash in Advance (CIA)
Payment for goods in which the price is paid in full before the shipment is made. This type of payment is usually only made for very small shipments or when goods are made to order.
Cash With Order (CWO)
Payment for goods in which the price is paid at the time the order is placed.
Central America Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR)
CAFTA-DR is an extensive trade agreement between Costa Rica, the Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, and the United States.
Central American Common Market (CACM)
An association of five Central American nations that was formed to facilitate regional economic development through free trade and economic integration. Established by the General Treaty on Central American Economic Integration signed by Guatemala, Honduras, El Salvador, and Nicaragua in December 1960, its membership expanded to include Costa Rica in July 1962.
Central Bank / 중앙은행
The sole institution of a nation that has the authority to issue banknotes and set monetary and credit policies. It manages the rate of exchange of the nation's currency and determines the internal and external monetary stability of the currency.
Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA)
A trade agreement between non-EU countries in Central and South-Eastern Europe.
Term used in leasing. A document whereby the lessee acknowledges that the equipment to be leased has been delivered, is acceptable, and has been manufactured or constructed according to specifications.
Certificate of Analysis/Certificate of Inspection
Documents that may be asked for by the importer and/or the authorities of the importing country, as evidence of quality or conformity to specifications.
Certificate of Incorporation
Proof of registration of a company with the Registry.
Company Limited by Guarantee
An incorporated entity without share capital.
Certificate of Manufacture
A statement that is usually notarized in which the producer of goods certifies that the goods have been produced and are now available to the buyer.
Certificate of Origin
Documents that may be asked for by the authorities of the importing country, as evidence of the country of manufacture of the goods.
Certificate of Product Origin
A document required by certain foreign countries for tariff purpose, certifying the country of origin of specified goods.
Company Secretary
Officer of a company, statutory in most common law jurisdictions. The person or corporation responsible for acceptance of legal service and for complying with various statutory filing requirements.
Civil Society Organizations (CSOs)
Non-governmental and non-profit groups that work to improve society and the human condition.
Clean Bill of Lading
A receipt for goods issued by a carrier that indicates that the goods were received in apparently good order and without damage.
Clearance
The completion of customs entry requirements that results in the release of goods to the importer.
Clearing
The settlement of a transaction, often involving exchange of payments and/or documentation.
Clearing House Interbank Payments System (CHIPS)
Financial network through which banks in the United States conduct their financial transactions.
Closer Trade Relations Trade Agreement
An accord between Australia and New Zealand designed to facilitate the exchange of goods
between the two countries. It was signed on January 1, 1983.
Codex
Codex Alimentarius Commission (a world food standards body).
Collecting Bank
The bank that acts as the agent of the seller to collect payment(s) from the buyer and then transfer the payment(s) to the remitting bank (seller's bank).
Collectivist Society
A society in which people feel more comfortable thinking and acting in groups.
Collusion
An agreement (usually secret) among mostly oligopolistic competing firms in an industry to control the market, raise the market price, and otherwise act like a monopoly.
Command Economy
An economy based on government ownership and/or control of society's resources; during the 20th century, the dominant form of command economy was communism.
Commercial Bank
A bank whose primary function is to accept demand deposits (which can be withdrawn upon depositories' demand), and grant short-term and long-term loans.
Commercial Credit
A letter of credit that assures the seller that buyer will pay for the goods being sold. Such letter is usually issued by a bank upon client's request.
Commercial Document
General term for documents describing various aspects of a transaction, e.g. commercial invoice, transport document, insurance document, certificate of origin, certificate of inspection, etc.
Commingling
Method of packing a shipment in which various goods subject to differing duties are grouped together. Because of this, the value of each type of item is difficult to determine.
Commodity Price Risk
The risk of unexpected changes in a commodity price, such as the price of oil.
Commodity Swap
A swap in which the (often notional) principal amount on at least one side of the swap is a commodity such as oil or gold.
Common Carrier
An organization that transports persons or goods for a fee.
Common Law
The body of law based on customs, usages, and court decisions rather than statutory laws.
Common Market
A common market is a group of countries that have common external tariffs against non-member nations. It may also allow labor mobility as well as common economic policies. For example, the European Union (EU).
Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA)
An organization of states that intends to promote the development of the resources of its members, COMESA forms a major trading block of 19 nations: Burundi, Comoros, D.R. Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mauritius, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia and Zimbabwe.
Common Market of the South
See MERCOSUR.
Commonwealth / 코먼웰스
An association of independent states that promotes cooperation, consultation, and mutual assistance among members. However, such association has no treaty or constitution. For example, the British Commonwealth.
Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
An association of former Soviet republics that was established in December 1991 by Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus to help ease the dissolution of the Soviet Union and coordinate inter republican affairs. Other members include Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, and Uzbekistan.
Comparative Advantage
A comparative advantage exists when a nation or economic region is able to produce a product at a lower opportunity cost compared to another nation or region. The rule of economics that states that each country should specialize in producing those goods that it is able to produce relatively most efficiently.
Compensatory Trade
The sale of goods or services that is paid for by bartering other goods or services.
Complementary Imports
The imports of goods or services that the importing country does not possess or produce.
Compliant Documents
Documents presented under a letter of credit that comply with all its terms and conditions. The banks are only obliged to pay the beneficiary if documents are totally compliant.
Confirming Bank
Bank that adds its payment undertaking to a letter of credit.
Consideration
The money value of a transaction (number of shares multiplied by the price) before adding commission, stamp duty.
Consignee
Party to whom goods are to be delivered.
Consignment
Delivery of merchandise from an exporter (the consignor) to an agent (the consignee) under agreement that the consignee sells the merchandise of the account of the consignor, while the consignor retains title to the goods until the consignee sells them. The consignee sells merchandise for commissions and remits the net proceeds to the consignor.
Consignor
A consignor is an individual entity, partnership or a company that ships its goods to another party to be taken care of. A consignor is usually an exporter.
Consolidated Income
The sum of income across all of the multinational corporation’s domestic and foreign subsidiaries.
Consolidation
A form of corporate reorganization in which two firms pool their assets and liabilities to form a new company. The term can also be used for shipping, in which a freight consolidator combines shipments of cargo that are less than truckload (LTL) in order to reduce shipping rates.
Consular Statement
A document required by some foreign countries, describing a shipment of goods and showing information such as the consignor, consignee, and value of shipment. Certified by a consular official of the foreign country, it is used by the country's officials to verify the value, quantity, and nature of the shipment.
Consulate
The diplomatic building located in a foreign country that represents the commercial interests of the home country.
Contingency Insurance
Contingency insurance protects the exporter in any situation in which exporter responsibility relied on the buyer to insure, but sustained a loss because of inadequate coverage from that source. It will cover situations in which the FOB endorsement would have otherwise served had that been in force.
Continuous Quotation System
A trading system in which buy and sell orders are matched with market makers as the orders arrive, ensuring liquidity in individual shares.
Controlled Foreign Corporation (CFC) / 피지배외국법인
In the U.S. tax code, a foreign corporation owned more than 50 percent either in terms of market value or voting power.
Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species (CITES) / 멸종위기에 처한 야생동식물의 국제거래에 관한 협약
CITES (the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora) is an international agreement between governments. Its aim is to ensure that international trade in specimens of wild animals and plants does not threaten their survival.
Convertible Currency / 경화(硬貨)
A currency that can be traded for other currencies at will.
또는, 교환성통화. 필요에 따라 다른 통화로 환전될 수 있는 통화.
Convex Tax Schedule
A tax schedule in which the effective tax rate is greater at high levels of taxable income than at low levels of taxable income. Such a schedule results in progressive taxation.
The rules and regulations that all applicant countries to the European Union must meet, and to which all EU member nations must maintain.
유럽연합 EU 가입을 위해 신청국이 갖춰야 하는 각종 법률과 규정. 또한 EU 회원국은 이 기준을 유지해야 한다.
Copyright / 저작권
The recognition by an appropriate governmental agency of the ownership of something, usually intellectual property. Designs, art, programs, literary works, music, logos, etc can be all copyrighted. Anyone wishing to use the intellectual property in any way will have to pay a fee to the copyright owner.
Corporate Culture / 기업 문화
The set of values, beliefs, relationships between individuals and functions that guide the decisions of a company to achieve its objectives.
기업의 의사결정에 영향을 미치는 가치, 신념, 개인간 관계, 제도 등의 집합체.
Corporate Director (Board of Directors) / 기업 이사회
Corporate entity appointed as director of a company. This means that a company is the director of the other company in question.
Corporate Governance / 기업지배구조(企業支配構造)
The way in which major stakeholders exert control over the modern corporation.
Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) / 기업의 사회적 책임
The responsibilities that corporations (including MNCs) have to workers and their families, to consumers, to investors, and to the natural environment.
Corporation / 법인
Form of business organization that is created as a distinct "legal person" composed of one or more actual individuals or legal entities. Primary advantages of a corporation include limited liability, ease of ownership, transfer, and perpetual succession.
Correspondent Bank / 대리 은행
A bank that, in its own country, handles the business of a foreign bank.
Cost and Freight / 운임 포함 가격
A pricing term that indicates that the cost of the goods and freight charges are included in the quoted price.
Cottage Industry / 가내 수공업
An industry comprised of a labor force that produces goods for sale at home, often with their own equipment.
Counter Credit / 동시개설신용장
Another name for back-to-back letter of credit or letter of credit.
동시개설신용장의 다른 명칭.
Countertrade / 연계무역
The sale of goods or services that are paid for in whole or part by the transfer of goods or services from a foreign country.
Countervailing Duties / 상계관세(相計關稅)
Duties levied on an imported good that has been unfairly subsidized by a foreign government. Imposing duties on the good is meant to raise the product's price to a "fair market value".
Country Risk / 국가신용도
The political and financial risks of conducting business in a particular foreign country.
한 국가에서 사업하는데 영향을 줄 수 있는 정치적, 금융적 위험
Courtage / 중개수수료
A European term for brokerage fee.
중개수수료를 일컫는 유럽식 표현
CPI / 이하 참조
Corruption Perceptions Index (CPI) / 부패지수:
A ranking of countries by level of corruption that is researched and published by Transparency International (TI), the world's leading non-governmental organization dedicated to fighting corruption.
Consumer Price Indexes (CPI) / 소비자물가지수:
A program that produces monthly data on changes in the prices paid by urban consumers for a representative basket of goods and services. It is 1 indication of inflation.
Credit Risk / 신용위험
The risk that a counter-party to a transaction will fail to perform according to the terms and conditions of the contract, thus causing the holder of the claim to suffer a loss.
Credit Risk Insurance / 신용위험보험
Insurance that covers the risk of nonpayment for delivered goods.
Creeping Nationalization / 잠행성 국유화
The succession of small but important changes in a firm's condition or standing that bring it slowly under national control.
회사의 상황이나 입장
Culture / 문화
Collective mental paradigms that a society imparts to individuals in the form of behavior patterns, shared values, norms and institutions.
한 사회가 행동 패턴, 가치관 공유, 규범, 제도 등을 통해 개인에게 전파하는 정신적 패러다임
Currency Coupon Swap / 통화쿠폰스왑
A fixed-for-floating rate nonamortizing currency swap traded primarily through international commercial banks.
Currency Cross-hedge
A hedge of currency risk using a currency that is correlated with the currency in which the underlying exposure is denominated.
Currency of Reference
The currency that is being bought or sold. It is most convenient to place the currency of reference in the denominator of a foreign exchange quote.
Currency Option / 통화옵션
A contract giving the option holder the right to buy or sell an underlying currency at a specified price and on a specified date. The option writer (seller) holds the obligation to fulfill the other side of the contract.
Currency Risk / 환리스크
The risk of unexpected changes in foreign currency exchange rates. Also known as foreign exchange risk.
Currency Swap / 통화 스왑
A contractual agreement to exchange a principal amount of two different currencies and, after a prearranged length of time, to give back the original principal. Interest payments in each currency are also typically swapped during the life of the agreement.
Current Account / 경상계정(經常計定)
A measure of a country’s international trade in goods and services.
한 국가의 재화나 서비스(용역) 무역을 나타내는 지표.
Current Account Balance / 경상수지
A broad measure of import-export activity that includes services, travel and tourism, transportation, investment income and interest, gifts, and grants along with the trade balance on goods.
Current Rate Method / 현행환율법
A translation accounting method, such as FAS #52 in the United States, that translates monetary and real assets and monetary liabilities at current exchange rates. FSA #52 places any imbalance into an equity account called the “cumulative translation adjustment.”
외화표시 재무제표를 일정 회계기준에 따라 특정국 통화로 평가하는 외화 환산방법 중의 하나로, 해외자회사의 모든 자산, 부채, 수익, 비용 등 제항목을 결산일 현재환율로 환산하는 방식이다. 다만 자본계정에는 역사적환율이 적용되며 환율변동에 따른 환차손익은 자본계정에서 조정된다. 이 현행환율법에서는 해외자회사의 사업활동을 모회사와는 다른 별개의 독립된 실체로 보고 해외자회사와 관련된 자회사의 재무제표는 해당 자회사의 재무상태와 경영성과를 반영할 수 있도록 평가되어야 한다는 점에서 특징이 있다. 그리고 현행환율법은 영국을 비롯한 유럽제국에서 주로 사용되어 왔는데, 1981년 8월 미국의 FASB No.52에서도 현행환율법을 중심으로 한 결산방법을 규정하고 있어 오늘날 세계에서 가장 널리 사용되고 있다.
Customhouse Broker / 세관화물취급인(稅關貨物取扱人)
A person or firm obtains the license from the treasury department of its Country when required, and help clients (importers) to enter and declare goods through customs.
Customs / 세관
The authorities designated to collect duties levied by a country on imports and exports.
Customs Union / 관세 동맹
A form of regional economic integration group that eliminates tariffs among member nations and establishes common external tariffs.
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